Representation of levels of reality in Salman Rushdie's novelistic fiction; Принципы показа слоев реальной действительности в романах Салмана Рушди

Ovaj se rad bavi načinom na koji se raznorodni slojevi stvarnosti artikulišu, isprepliću i iznova javljaju u romanima Salmana Ruždija. Polazeći od vlastite pozicije večitog migranta, Ruždi stvara jedinstvenu poetiku i književne obrasce pomoću kojih spaja naizgled nespojive elemente magičnog i realnog, istorije i metafikcije, iluzije i empirijske stvarnosti. U uvodnom delu teze dati su književno-teorijski okviri postkolonijalizma, postmodernizma i magijskog realizma u koje se uklapaju Ruždijevi romani, kao i posledično pojam relativnosti istinitosti književnog dela u odnosu na koji se određuje piščev književni diskurs. Podrobnom analizom i uspostavljanjem relevantne analogije između romana, u centralnom delu rada predstavljena su četiri sloja realnosti koja su se ovakvom analizom izdvojila, sa posebnim naglaskom na one Ruždijeve romane koji su u svakom sloju određeni kao njegovi nosioci budući da je u njima definisani aspekt realnosti naročito istaknut. U prvom sloju nazvanom Realnost magičnog ili magija realnog: svet imaginacije i stvarnost, mešaju se empirijska stvarnost sa jedne i stvarnost snova, fantazije i magije sa druge strane, pokazujući da ova dva sveta nisu isključiva nego da svet magije isto tako potencira istinitost stvarnosti i sagledavanje sveta iz novog ugla. Sledeći sloj, U potrazi za izgubljenom verom: ljudi i njihovi bogovi, bavi se ulogom vere u životima protagonista, odnosno njenim gubitkom koji se zatim nadomešta drugom vrstom verovanja. U trećem sloju koji nosi naziv Zidovi neznanja: od tiranije do slobode i natrag, opisane su razne vrste represije u svoj svojoj okrutnosti i intenzitetu. Poslednji, četvrti sloj, Istok, Zapad: migracija kao bivstvovanje u svetu, prati pojam kulturne i prostorne izmeštenosti kao sveprisutnog fenomena, te način na koji se ovaj vid realnosti podiže na opšti nivo prelaženja granica kako fizički tako i metaforički. U krajnjem ishodu, ova teza želi da pokaže da višestruki i višeglasni slojevi realnosti onako kako su utkani i stvaralački osmišljeni u delu Salmana Ruždija, doprinose afirmaciji poetike hibridnosti i etike pluralizma kao vida humanog angažmana, gde istina nije jedna i gde su prelaženje svake vrste granica, likvidnost i stalna promena bitne odlike čovekovog identiteta i postojanja.The thesis deals with the way heterogeneous levels of reality articulate, intermingle and reappear in the novels of Salman Rushdie. Being an eternal immigrant himself, Rushdie creates unique poetics and literary forms, by which he merges the elements otherwise seen as unmergeable: the magical and the realistic, history and metafiction, illusion and empirical reality. In the introductory part of the paper, literary and theoretical frameworks of postcolonialism, postmodernism and magical realism, within which Rushdie’s novels fit, are provided. Consequently, Rushdie’s poetics is viewed through the prism of the relativity of truth in fiction. Based on an in-depth analysis and relevant analogy among the novels, four levels of reality are thus presented with special emphasis being given to those novels that are regarded as representatives of each of the levels. In the first level entitled Reality of the magical or magic of the real: world of imagination and reality, empirical reality and reality of dreams mingle, showing that these two worlds are not exclusive. The world of magic also emphasises authenticity of reality and perception of the world from a new angle. The next level, In search of lost faith: people and their gods, is concerned with the role of faith in lives of the protagonists, as well as with the loss of it, which is then replaced by some other kind of belief. In the third level named Walls of ignorance: from tyranny to freedom and back, different types of repression in all its cruelty and intensity are described. The last, fourth level, East, West: migration as being in the world, follows the concept of cultural and spatial dislocation as an omnipresent phenomenon and the way this aspect of reality is elevated to a universal category of border crossing both physically and metaphorically. The final aim of this work is to show that manifold and polyphonic levels of reality, as interwoven and creatively defined in Salman Rushdie’s literary opus, advocate the affirmation of a poetics of hybridity as well as an ethics of pluralism as part of a humane commitment with no absolute truth, where crossing every kind of borders, liquidity and perpetual change constitute an essential part of human identity and the man’s being in the world