China's opening-up strategy and the degree of openness in its service industry

中國服務業近年來成長迅速，服務貿易額占世界比重亦愈來愈高，且截至2012年10月為止，中國已與香港、澳門、東協、新加坡、紐西蘭、智利、巴基斯坦、秘魯及哥斯大黎加等國家和地區簽署雙邊服務貿易協定，積極對外開放服務業市場。目前臺灣正與中國進行ECFA服務貿易協定的協商談判，因此深化研究中國服務業對外開放的戰略，以及分析中國至今已簽署之所有服務貿易協定的承諾內容與開放程度，是臺灣當前重要經貿課題之一。 本文使用文獻分析法探究中國服務業對外開放的戰略與政策，同時採用Marchetti and Roy（2008）的量化分析法，計算中國目前所有服務貿易協定之開放程度，並探討中國各大部門之開放情形，得到許多重要結論。首先，本文認為中國在服務業對外開放的戰略面和政策面實為相互呼應，於2001年加入WTO之後即全面擴大服務業的對外開放，並且日益重視服務貿易的發展，特別是新興服務貿易。其次，儘管中國於雙邊簽署許多服務貿易協定，但除了對香港（和澳門）新增約10.7%的開放程度之外，其餘國家平均僅新增2.6%的開放程度，可見中國實質開放程度並不高。另外，本文亦發現中國在採礦相關、醫院和旅遊等服務部門，會視部門類型之不同，決定不同之開放對象。最後，文末整理臺灣應於ECFA服務貿易談判盡力爭取開放之部門，並提出若干談判策略建議。In recent years, China has made remarkable progress in developing its service industry, and its proportion of trade in services in the world has risen significantly. Until October 2012, China has already signed nine bilateral agreements on trade in services with Hong Kong, Macao, ASEAN, Singapore, New Zealand, Chile, Pakistan, Peru and Costa Rica, showing its activeness and resolution to open up the services market. Taiwan is also negotiating with China about the negotiation of trade in services. Therefore, to understand China’s opening-up strategy and analyze both the content of commitments and the degree of openness in all agreements on trade in services China have signed, have become one of the major economic issues for Taiwan’s government. This thesis used literature analysis method to explore China’s opening-up strategies and policies in its service industry, and applied the quantitative method based on Marchetti and Roy(2008) to calculate the degree of openness in all agreements on trade in services China have signed. Meanwhile, the current situation of China’s service sectors was examined separately. There are three principal findings. First of all, China’s opening-up strategy in service industry is very consistent to its policies. Since China joined the WTO in 2001, it has not only significantly opened up its services market, but also made more efforts into the development of trade in services, especially the emerging sectors. Second, although China has signed many bilateral agreements on trade in services, the real degree of openness is not high. Except Hong Kong (and Macau), which gets approximately 10.7 percentages more in the degree of openness stipulated in the WTO agreement, the rest of countries only get 2.6 percentages more degree of the openness in average. Third, for particular purposes, China would give different treatment to different countries in service industries like services incidental to mining, hospital services, and touristic services. Finally, this thesis lists some service sectors, which Taiwan should strive for China’s opening-up on the negotiation of Trade in Services, and provides some suggestions for negotiation strategy