Mongolia's Nomadic Economy in the Manchu Period

草原畜牧業影響下的傳統蒙古社會，到清代，進入一個新的重要發展時期，其主要特點有：□1. 因盟旗制度的建立，蒙古牧民的游牧方式，已經完全是「阿寅勒」個體經濟，旗界內個別家族的定地放牧成為主要游牧方式，大規模遠距離的移牧現象消失。□2. 蒙古游牧經濟社會，隨著專業手工業者、商人與農夫的逐漸出現，從單一性的經濟體系向多元化的經濟體系發展，游牧畜牧業雖然仍是蒙古經濟的主要部門，但是其所佔的地位相對的降低。□3. 清代蒙古的貿易，從「茶馬互市」方式，演變到「旅蒙商」的產生與發展，其具體現象為漢人開始積極地至蒙古地區與牧民進行貿易。因此，商品經濟得到高度發展，使蒙古族牧業生產商品化程度日益提高，從而進一步促使自給自足的大型游牧經濟解體。□4. 清代驛站制度的建立有其行政、軍事、經濟、文化等不同層面的重要功能。對蒙古游牧經濟的直接影響，則是促進蒙古與內地漢族在牧業、農業和手工業等多種經濟上的聯繫。但是，驛站的物資配備和驛務的責任，實際上都落在蒙古廣大牧民身上。□5. 蒙古封建社會內部的兩個基本階級－－蒙古王公與人民，其社會階層的差距在清廷的統治之下更加明顯，且矛盾衝突日益昇高。Mongolia’s nomadic economy has entered a new era under Manchu rule. Its characteristics can be summarized as follows:1. Because of the establishment of banner system, style of nomadic migrations has been changed. Every family has begun to graze its own livestock in the banner boundaries. Large scaled and far distanced migrations have been disappeared.2. Following the progress of hand working, commerce and agriculture, the pastoral nomadic society has become a pluralist economy. Although herding was still the basic economic activity, its percentage has been decreased.3. Trade between China and Mongolia has caused the appearance of the trading companies. One of the main characteristics of the Mongolian trade was Chinese traders have begun to trade in Mongolia. They do not wait Mongols to come to China proper for trading. Thus, commercial economy has rapidly developed. This situation caused the commercialization of the nomadic products.4. Establishment of the courier system and building of courier stations has also effected the nomadic economy. It has led to progress the economic link between China and Mongolia. Nevertheless, herdsmen were responsible of preparing the supplies of courier stations which has caused to a heavy burden in their economic life.5. The social stratification of Mongol nomadic society which had appeared between Mongolian nobles and herdsmen has increased under Manchu hegemony