Is there a European land of opportunity? Cross-country differences in intergenerational mobility in 14 European countries and Israel

We explore cross-country variations in intergenerational mobility across Europe in the past half-century using subjective and objective non-monetary deprivation indices. Populations in Spain and Italy are the least socially mobile, independently of the relative poverty measures considered. Using material deprivation as indicator we find that populations in Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands and Luxembourg are the most socially mobile. In terms of social deprivation, respondents in countries like Denmark and Germany seem to move up the status ladder