Reactor design, modelling and process intensification for ammonia synthesis

Different ammonia synthesis processes have been considered, based on commercial converters and the relative synthesis loops. Starting from thermodynamic and kinetic modelling considerations, the attention is focused on reactors’ design and on the configuration of the ammonia synthesis converter, as included in the whole plant. Examples of processes operating at different pressure and with different catalytic materials are reviewed. Various options for process intensification and energy saving are also discussed