Age and significance of late Pleistocene Lithophyllum byssoides intertidal algal ridge, NW Sardinia, Italy

Intertidal coralline red algal build-ups (Lithophyllum byssoides rims or ridges) are considered precise sea level markers and mostly used for Holocene sea level history. Several well-preserved patches of relict red algal ridges crop out along the north-west Sardinian coast (Mediterranean Sea, Italy) and have great potential in reconstructing the late Pleistocene sea level history of the western Mediterranean. The aim of this paper is to determine the sedimentary characteristics of the relict Lithophyllum byssoides build-ups cropping out along the Sardinian NW coast and to demonstrate how these can be used as past sea-level indicators. To establish a chronological framework for these deposits, luminescence dating (both quartz OSL and K-feldspar pIRIR290) has been applied and allows for the Lithophyllum byssoides ridge formation to be assigned to Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 5e (132–112 ka). The studied relict ridges confirmed that MIS 5e sea-level was at least at 4 m above present, well matching the widely accepted last interglacial global sea-level curves. Hence, fossil Lithophyllum byssoides ridges can be used as stratigraphic and chronologic indicators of late Pleistocene sea-level. Moreover, the study has underlined that Lithophyllum byssoides may grow: (1) in sheltered places along high cliffy coasts forming bench-like structures, and (2) in high-energy environments on wave cut platforms around fallen blocks or potholes, first as isolated mounds and then merging to form reef-like structures