Text messages reduce memory failures in adults with brain injury: a single-case experimental design

Introduction: This study evaluated the efficacy of a low-cost reminder system to support prospective memory after traumatic brain injury and identified factors that contributed to the outcome. Method: Two single-case experimental designs with multiple baselines across activities are described. Participants presented moderate-to-severe cognitive impairments in one case and post-concussion syndrome in the other. Both reported memory problems in everyday activities. Target activities were selected using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Participants were taught how to send reminders through Google Calendar to their mobile phones. Results: The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure showed improved self-perception of performance and satisfaction levels. Using non-overlap of all pairs statistical analysis, most, but not all, target activities showed statistically significant improvement, with non-overlap ranging from 47% to 98%. Adjustments in the use of the reminders based on each participant’s activities and cognitive abilities were required in order to maximise the benefits. Conclusion: The reminder system was effective in increasing the frequency of completion of routine activities of daily living. To increase the effectiveness of ubiquitous technology in supporting cognition after brain injury, several factors co-existing with cognitive problems should be taken into account