Artificial intervertebral discs

Over recent years, several models of the artificial intervertebral disc (IVD) have been designed and developed to restore the normal kinematics and load-bearing behaviour of the natural IVD, involving the use of metals, ceramics and polymers. This chapter first describes the structure–properties relationship of the natural IVD, and deals with the state of the art of artificial discs made of conventional materials. Then, it highlights the role of polymer-based composite biomaterials, underlining the possibility to design multifunctional devices with tailored mechanical properties. Accordingly, a biomimetic approach and the engineering of a pilot-scale device production process for a total, customized, artificial IVD with appropriate biological, transport and mechanical properties, have also been reported. Finally, future trends and strategies are discussed, emphasizing the importance to design of advanced materials and customized implants