KAJIAN EPIDEMIOLOGI KAWIN BERULANG PADA SAPI PERAH DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

Repeat breeding is a clinical symptom that can lead to low reproductive efficiency and productivity. It can be caused by livestock, farmers, and the environment. The main objectives of this study were investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with repeat breeding on Frisian Holstein dairy cows (PFH), and activity of the ovaries (ovarian condition and follicular profiles), progesterone profiles, estrogen concentrations, blood chemistry profile, and microbial uterus in dairy cows that experienced repeat breeding. Four studies have been conducted, 1. Investigate the prevalence and risk factors for repeat breeding, 2. Condition of the ovaries, ovarian follicles profile, and progesterone and estrogen hormone profiles, 3. Blood biochemical profile, 4. Uterine lumen bacteria. Risk factors are identified and developed through a questionnaire in a cross-sectional study with multiple stage sampling design. Units of study in this research were 922 dairy cows with confidence level 95% and 401 selected farmers. Risk factors which affected the incidence of repeat breeding at the level of livestock and farmers obtained through dairy cows observations, farming system, and direct interview to the owners. Data analysis was performed descriptively, chi-square test, and odd ratio (OR) to determine the significance associations of variables and the strength of association on the incidence of repeat breeding. Those risk factors were analyzed by constructing logistic models, linear regression models, and path models assignment with statistic analytical software, version 7.0 and SPSS 17.0 for windows. Ultrasound was used for ovaries and follicles observation. Furthermore ELISA was used for analyzing the profile of serum progesterone and estrogen levels. Blood biochemical profiles such as blood glucose by GOD-PAP method, total cholesterol by CHOD-PAP, total protein by Biuret method, calcium and phosphorus were determined by spectrophotometry system. Uterine samples were grown in primary culture media such as Blood Agar Plate (PAD) and McConkey Agar (MCA), isolation, and Gram staining. In conclusion, prevalence of repeat breeding at farm level is quite high 22.9%, and at farmer level is high as 29.4%. Several variables that analyzed by bivariate did not associate significantly with outcome. Risk factors that analyzed by multivariate at both livestock and farmers were associated significantly with the outcome. Risk factor that had a significant association to repeat breeding in farm level was artificial insemination, the condition of thin cows, the condition is rather thin cows, grass mix or elephant grass, and lameness. Risk factor that had a significant association to repeat breeding in farmer level was placenta retained, endometritis, twice estrus detection a day, lameness, barn sanitation, knowledge of estrus cycles, water resource and first estrus sign to mating. Path analysis showed a critical point of risk factors that at once could control other factors. Ovaries condition, follicle diameter profiles, progesterone concentrations and estrogen levels during estrus in dairy cattle which suffer repeat breeding were lower than the fertile cows. Blood biochemical profiles such as total cholesterol, glucose and phosphorus in dairy cattle which suffer repeat breeding were significantly lower than fertile cows (P <0.05), although protein total and calcium were not different. Types of bacteria in the bovine uterine lumen which suffer repeat breeding and fertile cows were not different but the population of bacteria in the cows that suffer repeat breeding were significantly higher than fertile cows (P