Concept of Cultural Properties or Kultur Güter, and Historical Materials or Quellen（II. HISTORICAL RESEARCH IN MUSEUMS）

application/pdf文化財ということばは，文化財保護法の制定（1950）以前にもあったが，その普及は，法の制定後であった。はじめその内容は，芸術的価値を中心に理解され，狭義の文化史への歴史研究者の関心の低さも一因となって，歴史研究者の文化財への関心は，一般的には弱かった。だが，考古・民俗資料を中心に，芸術的価値を離れて，過去の人生の痕跡を保存すべき財とみなす感覚が成長し，一方では，経済成長の過程での開発の進行によって失われるものの大きさに対して，その保存を求める運動も伸びてきた。また，文化を，学問・芸術等の狭義の領域のものとだけみるのではなく，生業や衣食住等をふくめた概念として理解する機運も高まった。このなかで，文献以外の史料への重視の姿勢を強めた歴史学の分野でも，民衆の日常生活の歴史への関心とあいまって，文化財保存運動に大きな努力を傾けるうごきが出ている。文化財保護法での文化財定義も，芸術的価値からだけでなく，こうした広義の文化遺産の方向に動いていっている。 文化財の概念と，歴史・考古・民俗等の諸学での研究のための素材，すなわち史料の概念とは次第に接近し，そのことが諸学の共同の場を考える上でも役割を演ずるかにみえる。だが，文化財を，継承さるべき文化の産物とだけみなすなら，反省の学としての歴史学とは両立できない。過去の人生は，現代に，よいものだけを残したわけではない。たとえば戦争の痕跡のように，私たちが継承すべきではないが，忘れるべきでないものは少なくない。すぐれた芸術品と理解される作品のなかにも，ある時代の屈辱の歴史が秘められていたり，新しい芸術創造の試みを抑圧する役割を担った例があること等を思いあわせて，継承さるべきでない文化の所産もまた文化財であるというみかたが必要である。歴史博物館の展示でも，この点が考えられねばならない。The term “Cultural Properties” existed before the establishment of the Cultural Properties Protection Act (1950), but it came to be used widely after the establishment of the Act. At first, its contents were understood mainly with regard to the artistic value of properties. Partly because of the general indifference of historians to cultural history in a narrow sense, their concern with cultural properties was not sufficient. However, some have felt a growing need for the preservation of our predecessors' traces, mainly archaeological and folklore materials, as properties apart from their artistic value. On the other hand, some became aware of the greatness of things which are being lost by development accompanying economic growth, and movements for their preservation have become wide-spread. In addition, there is a growing tendency to see culture as existing not only in narrow domains such as studies and arts, but as a concept which includes business, food, clothing, and housing. In this context, in the field of history, which has strengthened its posture of putting importance on materials other than documents, there has appeared a movement promoting a campaign for the preservation of cultural properties, supported by concern with the history of people's daily lives. The definition of cultural properties in the Cultural Properties Protection Act is shifting in the direction of cultural inheritance in this wide sense. The concept of cultural properties, and that of materials for research in various studies such as history, archaeology, and folklore, or historical materials, seem to approach each other, and to play an important role when considering a common ground for various studies: but if cultural properties are regarded only as cultural products to be inherited, they are incompatible with historical study, which is a study of reflection. Past human lives did not leave only good things to our age. There are many things, like traces of wars, which should not be inherited but never be forgotten. Some of objects which are understood as excellent works of art hide a history of humiliation of a certain era, or they once played a role in depressing new departures for artistic creation. When these points are considered, it is necessary to take the view that cultural products which should not be inherited are also cultural properties. This point should be taken into account in exhibitions at historical museums.departmental bulletin pape