»Dobri človek iz Kölna«: literarna etika Heinricha Bölla

Moral ethics which developed and grew only to become stronger and clearer, during and after World War II is a complex and resourceful subject which can be found in the work from “The Good Man from Cologne” – Heinrich Böll. Even at first glance, Böll has a rather clear message that he sends to his readers, whether he writes from experience or his state of mind (one affected by the other): War is not to be glorified. There is not one aspect of the war that can or should be considered as pride or heroism, for no one participating (in example – honoring a soldier with a piece of metal, which is in war used to kill and destroy). Then, why write about war? Because no one should ever forget it. All the suffering and victims should be presented simply – as they were, to warn and clarify the readers. The clarification meant for Böll to name the ones that let this kind of horror to take place, like organizations that collaborated with the Nazis for their own interests. In his works, he shows how the characters – uneducated and the intellectuals – deal with guilt even years after the war has ended – every simple character for himself, as an individual. Therefore, he shows his compassion for the simple men but underlines his hostility towards organizations. Not only have Germans had to live with their guilt, but also with a vast amount of rubble – in their minds, souls, but also in their physical world. That is why Böll holds onto “Rubble Literature” for a long period after the war. The importance of the precise depiction of war shows how strongly Böll committed in his effort to shine the light only on the real side of war. His determination to fight for the “weak” that were by the mainstream defined as “waste” shows high levels of his morality and ethics. He enjoys a society full of individuals, whose life conditions vary from case to case, and therefore, vary in their (inter)actions towards life, and is their voice in the constant fight for human and civil rights.Etika, ki se je razvijala, krepila in postajala vse bolj jasna med 2. svetovno vojno in po njej, je kompleksna tematika, ki jo najdemo v delih Heinricha Bölla – »dobrega človeka iz Kölna«. Böllovo sporočilo je jasno, naj črpa iz izkušnje ali iz zavedanja (ki se vzajemno oplajata): vojne ne smemo poveličevati. Noben vidik vojne ni junaški, za nikogar od sodelujočih. Zakaj tedaj pisati o vojni? Ker je nikoli nihče ne sme pozabiti. Trpljenje naj bo prikazano na preprost način – kakršno je bilo, v svarilo in pojasnilo bralcem. Pojasnjevanje je za Bölla predvsem imenovanje krivcev, ki so dopustili grozote, npr. organizacije, ki so zaradi lastnih koristi sodelovale z nacisti. V svojih delih prikaže, kako se liki – neizobraženci in intelektualci, vsak zase kot posameznik – spoprijemajo s krivdo celo leta po koncu vojne. Tako izraža sočutje s preprostimi ljudmi, poudarja pa sovražnost do organizacij. Nemci so morali živeti s krivdo, pa tudi z veliko količino ruševin – v duhu, duši in fizičnem svetu. Zato Böll pri tako imenovani »književnosti ruševin« vztraja še dolgo po koncu vojne. Pomembnost natančnega opisa vojne kaže, kako močno se je Böll trudil, da bi osvetlil resnično podobo vojne. Njegova odločenost, da se bori za »šibkejše«, ki jih je glavnina družbe označevala kot »odpadke«, kaže visoko raven njegovih etičnih razmislekov. Naklonjen je družbi posameznikov, ki živijo v različnih življenjskih okoliščinah, imajo različen odnos do življenja ter različne načine delovanja in katerih glas govori o nenehnem boju za človekove in državljanske pravice