Are there species in the genus Clusia with obligate C3-photosynthesis?

Most of the species in the genus Clusia are very flexible in their photosynthetic pathway, and are C3-photosynthesis/Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) intermediate species; therefore, the identification and clear assignment of Clusia-species to C3- or CAM-pathways is difficult. We made an attempt to characterize obligate C3-photosynthesis species within that genus. Therefore, we selected five species of the family Clusiacea (four of the genus Clusia and one of the genus Oedematopus) on the basis of their low leaf succulence as potential obligate C3-photosynthesis species. All of them showed a C3-photosynthesis pattern of gas exchange under well-watered conditions and their δ13C-values were also found to be in the range of obligate C3-photosynthesis plants. Under drought stress two of them (C. articulata and C. cruiva) proved to be C3-photosynthesis/CAM intermediate species, while C. parviflora, C. multiflora and most likely O. mirandensis did not show any nocturnal CO2-fixation. However, in C. parviflora and O. mirandensis some nighttime accumulation of malate by internal CO2-recycling might occur. So far, C. multiflora seems to be the only known Clusia species with neither nocturnal net CO2-uptake nor malate accumulation