Invariance of the fine structure constant with temperature of the expanding universe

Our goal is to interpret the energy equation from Doubly Special Relativity (DSR) of Magueijo-Smolin with an invariant Planck energy scale in order to obtain the speed of light with an explicit dependence on the background temperature of the expanding universe. We also investigate how other universal constants, including the fine structure constant, have varied since the early universe and, thus, how they have evoluted over the cosmological time related to the temperature of the expanding universe. For instance, we show that both the Planck constant and the electron charge were also too large in the early universe. However, we finally conclude that the fine structure constant has remained invariant with the age and temperature of the universe, which is in agreement with laboratory tests and some observational data.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author