Competition in Visual Working Memory

The processing of information within the visual system is limited by several cognitive and neural bottlenecks. One critical bottleneck occurs in visual working memory (VWM), as the amount of information that can be maintained on-line is limited to three to four items. While numerous theories have addressed this limited capacity of VWM, it is unclear how processing bottlenecks in the initial selection and perception of visual information affect the number or precision of representations that can be maintained in VWM. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine whether early competition for resources within the visual system limits the number or precision of representation that can be maintained in VWM. To establish whether competitive interactions affect VWM, Chapters 1 – 4 tested whether performance on VWM tasks was related to the distance between memory items. The results of these experiments reveal that when objects are presented close together in space, VWM performance is impaired relative to when those same objects are presented further apart. Using a three-component model of continuous responses in a recall task, Chapters 3 – 4 demonstrated that the distance between objects primarily affects the precision of responses, and increases the number of non-target errors. Chapter 5 extended these findings to distractors, demonstrating that multiple distractors affect the precision and accuracy of VWM responses. Chapters 6 – 7 tested how attentional selection can bias memory representations, revealing that objects that are given high attentional priority were reported with greater precision. Finally, Chapters 8 and 9 examined bias-signals as a potential source of individual differences in VWM performance, revealing that high-performers have more precise representations of sub-capacity representations than low-performers. Together, these results reveal that VWM performance is limited by competition for representation within the visual system, and that attention plays a critical role in resolving competition and consequently, determining the contents of VWM.Ph