Amperometric biosensors based on carbon paste electrodes chemically modified with redox-enzymes

A number of redox enzymes have been immobilized in carbon paste electrodes operating around 0 mV versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE). Examples will be given of an L-lactate sensor based on L-lactate dehydrogenase, an aldose sensor based on aldose dehydrogenase, alcohol sensors based on coimmobilized alcohol oxidase and peroxidase, D-amino acid sensors based on coimmobilized D-amino acid oxidase and peroxidase, and L-glutamate sensors based on coimmobilized L-glutamate oxidase and peroxidase. The positive effects on the sensor performances upon the addition of various amine-containing polymers will be demonstrated