Nanoparticle vaccines against viral infections

AbstractDespite numerous efforts, we still do not have prophylactic vaccines for many clinically relevant viruses, such as HIV,hepatitis C virus, Zika virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Several factors have contributed to the current lack of effectivevaccines, including the high rate of viral mutation, low immunogenicity of recombinant viral antigens, instability ofviral antigenic proteins administered in vivo, sophisticated mechanisms of viral immune evasion, and inefficient inductionof mucosal immunity by vaccine models studied to date. Some of these obstacles could be partially overcome by the useof vaccine adjuvants. Nanoparticles have been intensively investigated as vaccine adjuvants because they possess chemicaland structural properties that improve immunogenicity. The use of nanotechnology in the construction of immunizationsystems has developed into the field of viral nanovaccinology. The purpose of this paper is to review and correlate recentdiscoveries concerning nanoparticles and specific properties that contribute to the immunogenicity of viral nanoparticlevaccines, bio-nano interaction, design of nanoparticle vaccines for clinically relevant viruses, and future prospects for viralnanoparticle vaccination