Enemies with benefits: mutualistic interactions of viruses with lowereukaryotes

AbstractViruses represent some of the deadliest pathogens known to science. Recently they have been reported to have mutualisticinteractions with their hosts, providing them direct or indirect benefits. The mutualism and symbiogenesis of such viruseswith lower eukaryotic partners such as fungi, yeast, and insects have been reported but the full mechanism of interaction oftenremains an enigma. In many instances, these viral interactions provide resistance against several biotic and abiotic stresses,which could be the prime reason for the ecological success and positive selection of the hosts. These viruses modulate hostmetabolism and behavior, so both can obtain maximum benefits from the environment. They bring about micro- and macrolevelchanges in the hosts, benefiting their adaptation, reproduction, development, and survival. These virus-host interactionscan be bilateral or tripartite with a variety of interacting partners. Exploration of these interactions can shed light on one ofthe well-coordinated biological phenomena of co-evolution and can be highly utilized for various applications in agriculture,fermentation and the pharmaceutical industries