Hydration patterns of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNMs) play a major role in the stability of a helical protein: a molecular dynamics simulation study

Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNMs) [graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene] have been recognized as potential candidates for various biomedical applications ranging from biosensing platform to cellular delivery of proteins and peptides. However, GBNMs induced conformational changes in proteins are the major concerns in realizing their full potential in aforementioned applications. Despite several studies, the effect of GBNMs on the conformation of proteins is still not well understood. Therefore, an attempt was made to investigate the effect of GBNMs on the adsorption and conformation of positively charged cytoplasmic protein using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our study showed that the adsorption of protein on GO was highly selective and mediated through electrostatic interactions (hydrogen bond/salt bridge interactions), whereas the van der Waals and π–π stacking interactions were the major driving forces for the adsorption of protein on rGO and graphene. The secondary structure analysis showed the conformational stability of the protein on GO may be attributed to the extensive hydration of GO surface and the absence of tyrosine residues in π–π stacking with π regions of GO. The GO surface acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor similar to the protein’s natural receptor present in a physiological environment. This computational study has also explored the artificial protein receptor like potential of GO