Clear-water scour at abutments in thinly armored beds

Experiments on local scour at short abutments (ratio of abutment length to approaching flow depth less than unity), namely vertical-wall, 45° wing-wall, and semicircular, embedded in a bed of relatively fine noncohesive sediment overlain by a thin armor-layer of coarser sediment, were conducted for different flow conditions, thickness of armor-layers, armor-layer, and bed sediments. The abutments were aligned with the approaching flow in a rectangular channel. The armor-layer and the bed underneath it were composed of different combinations of uniform sediments. In the experiments, the approaching flow velocities were restricted to the clear-water scour condition with respect to the armor-layer particles. Depending on the approaching flow conditions, three cases of scour at abutments in armored beds were identified. Effects of different parameters pertaining to scour at abutments are examined. The comparison of the experimental data shows that the scour depth at an abutment with an armor-layer in clear-water scour condition under limiting stability of the surface particles (approaching flow velocity nearly equaling critical velocity for the threshold motion of surface particles) is always greater than that without armor-layer for the same bed sediments. The characteristic parameters affecting the maximum equilibrium nondimensional scour depth (scour depth-abutment length ratio), identified based on the physical reasoning and dimensional analysis, are excess abutment Froude number, flow depth-abutment length ratio, armor-layer thickness-armor particle diameter ratio, and armor particle-bed sediment diameter ratio. The experimental data of clear-water scour condition in thinly armored beds under limiting stability of surface particles were used to determine the equation of maximum equilibrium scour depth through regression analysis. The estimated scour depths were in agreement with the experimental scour depths. Also, an equation of maximum equilibrium scour depth in uniform sediments was obtained