Electroanalytical bioplatforms based on carbon nanostructures as new tools for diagnosis

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. In this chapter, the development of electrochemical biosensors intended for the detection of biomarkers of dangerous diseases has been reviewed with particular emphasis to the progress in the past 5 years. Carbonaceous nanomaterials commonly used in the biosensor assembly are briefly characterized and principal architectures and signal transduction of biosensors considered. The determination of main biomarkers is classified in accordance with their nature, clinical importance, and biochemical receptors used for their recognition. Immunochemical sensors are mostly considered though aptamers and DNA oligonucleotides able for specific interaction with analytes are also applied in portable diagnostic devices. Among sensitivity and specificity of the response, the problems of real sample assay and multiplex analysis are also discussed