Biomedical aspects of electrochemical methods of analysis

This review covers studies concerning the application of electroanalysis to biology, medicine, and pharmacy; modern practices of improving selectivity in determinations based on the use of modified electrodes and ion-selective electrodes; and biosensors with various modifications of their sensing elements, which give a response both under batch conditions and in a liquid flow. Problems of the in vivo determination of ultratrace amounts of substances (at a level of zeptomoles) in small volumes of liquids (as small as several picoliters) in living cells are discussed