Ispitivanje i primjena nanofarmaceutika u liječenju karcinoma gušterače

Cilj istraživanja Specijalistički rad obuhvaća pregled i kritički osvrt na dosadašnja istraživanja s ciljem sistematizacije nanofarmaceutika u liječenju karcinoma gušterače. Cilj je ovog istraživanja pokazati raspon primjene nanotehnologije pri dijagnostici i liječenju karcinoma gušterače na razini gena, stanica i tkiva. Istraživanje pokazuje ne samo mehaničko djelovanje i farmakološku te dijagnostičku upotrebu nanočestica već uključuje i kritički komentar na potencijalne negativne aspekte upotrebe nanočestica pri liječenju ovog tipa karcinoma. Komparativnom analizom s drugim vrstama karcinoma čija je patologija, histopatologija ili genetska slika bliska karcinomu gušterače rad propituje širi obujam i sveobuhvatnost primjene različitih nanočestica. Materijali i metode Preglednim i teorijskim pristupom u fokusu rada jedan je od najsmrtonosnijih karcinoma, karcinom gušterače. Rad je izrađen sustavnim pretraživanjem literature prema temi i predmetu istraživanja, autorima i časopisu. Pretraga literature provedena je putem baza Elsevier i PubMed. Osim stručnih članaka u izradi rada korišteni su i podaci službenih webstranica relevantnih za temu istraživanja. Rezultati Primjena nanofarmaceutika u liječenju karcinoma gušterače mogla bi unaprijediti očekivane ishode liječenja. Nanofarmaceutici zbog svojih svojstava površine i veličine mogu osigurati ciljani učinak izravno na stanice, tkiva i receptore karcinoma. Osim toga moguće ih je koristiti i za rano otkrivanje i individualiziranu terapiju, a potom i naknadno praćenje u periodu remisije. Problematičan je aspekt proučavanja nanotehnologije u liječenju karcinoma uslijed ekonomskih i financijskih prepreka kao i nedostatka sustavnih kliničkih ispitivanja lijekova i nanočestica kao kombinirane terapije. Osim toga, manjak usustavljenih dijagnostičkih testova (koji bi se također mogli poboljšati upotrebom nanočestica) je problem pri koordiniranju statističkih informacija o rasprostranjenosti karcinoma gušterače te faktora rizika. Također dugoročna i kratkoročna toksičnost nanočestica ostaje otvorenim pitanjem. Zaključak Ovaj je pregledni rad relevantan u kontekstu proučavanja karcinoma gušterače, dijagnostike i liječenja upotrebom nanočestica. Nanočestice su zbog svojih specifičnih svojstava izvrsna metoda liječenja i dijagnosticirana karcinoma općenito, a time i karcinoma gušterače. Posebno su vrijedne kao element kombinirane terapije karcinoma uz upotrebu kemoterapije, radioterapije i kirurškog odstranjivanja. Važno je napomenuti nedostatke usustavljenog proučavanja i kliničkih ispitivanja nanočestično baziranog liječenja karcinoma kao i potencijalnih negativnih učinaka nanočestica na pacijente.Objectives This thesis is a summary and a critical review of previous research with the aim of systematizing nanopharmaceuticals in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the range of application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer at the level of genes, cells and tissues. This research not only demonstrates the mechanical effects, pharmacological and diagnostic use of the nanoparticles, but also includes critical commentary on the potential negative aspects of nanoparticle use in the treatment of this type of cancer. Using comparative analysis with other cancers whose pathology, histopathology, or genetic background is close to pancreatic cancer thesis also examines the wider scope and comprehensiveness of the application of various nanoparticles. Materials and methods Using systematic and theoretical approach in focus of this thesis is one of the deadliest cancers, pancreatic cancer. Thesis was designed by systematic literature search by topic and subject of research, authors and journal. A literature search was carried out through on-line databases such as Elsevier and PubMed. In addition to scientific articles information from official web-pages relevant to this topic were used. Results The use of nanopharmaceuticals in the treatment of pancreatic cancer could improve the expected treatment outcomes. Nanopharmaceuticals, due to their surface and size properties, can provide a targeted effect directly on cancer cells, tissues and receptors. In addition, they can be used for early detection and individualized therapy, and subsequently for follow-up in remission phase of disease. A problematic aspect is the study of nanotechnology in cancer treatment due to economic and financial obstacles, as well as the lack of systematic clinical trials of drugs and nanoparticles as combination therapy. In addition, the lack of systematic diagnostic tests (which could also be improved by the use of nanoparticles) is a problem in coordinating statistical information on pancreatic cancer prevalence and risk factors. Also the long-term and short-term toxicity of nanoparticles remains an open question. Conclusion This thesis is relevant in the context of the study of pancreatic cancer, diagnostics and treatment using nanoparticles. Nanoparticles, due to their specific properties, are an excellent method of treatment and diagnostic tolls for cancers in general and pancreatic cancer as well. They are especially valuable as an element of combination cancer therapy in addition to standard chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical removal. It is important to mention the disadvantages of the systematic study and clinical trials of nanoparticle-based cancer treatment as well as the potential negative effects of nanoparticles on patients