The right to an effective legal remedy in the light of Article 12 of Directive 2013/48 EU for violation of the right of access to a lawyer

Tradicionalno razdvajanje dvaju procesnih položaja, osumnjičenika i okrivljenika, posljedica je pedesetogodišnje prakse hrvatskoga kaznenog procesnog prava, koje kazneni postupak dijeli na dva dijela, neformalni i formalni. Strogi formalizam kaznenog postupka rezultirao je stavljanjem osumnjičenika kao subjekta kaznenog postupka u daleko nezavidniji položaj u odnosu na okrivljenika, isključivo zbog činjenice da je pojam osumnjičenika tradicionalno vezan uz neformalnu fazu kaznenoga postupka. Kroz judikaturu ESLJP-a i aktivnost zakonodavnih tijela Europske unije, razvilo se shvaćanje o problemu nedovoljne zaštite osumnjičenikovih prava obrane; a najveću je zabrinutost stvaralo pitanje prava osumnjičenika na pristup branitelju. Provođenje takozvanih neformalnih obavijesnih razgovora od strane policije, koji su bili propisani ZKP/08, odražavalo je dotrajalalost i neusuglašenost tadašnjeg zakonodavnog uređenja sa tendencijama judikature ESLJP-a, te su izmjene bile vrlo potrebne, ali i izgledne. Donošenje Direktive 2013/48 EU nametnulo je pozitivnu obvezu hrvatskom zakonodavcu da krene u izmjene i dopune ZKP/08 u cilju harmoniziranja sa Direktivom, te uzdizanja prava koja su njome proklamirana na dostatnu razinu. Ipak, poseban izazov nacionalnim zakonodavcima postavljen je čl. 12. Direktive 2013/48 EU koji definira specifičan mehanizam zaštite prava koja su zajamčena Direktivom; tzv. učinkovitim pravnim sredstvom.The traditional separation of two procedural positions, suspects and defendants, is a consequence of the fifty-year practice of Croatian criminal procedural law, which divides criminal proceedings into two parts, informal and formal. The strict formalism of criminal proceedings has resulted in placing the suspect as a subject of criminal proceedings in a far more unenviable position than the defendant, solely due to the fact that the notion of the suspect has traditionally been linked to the informal phase of criminal proceedings. Through the judiciary of the ECtHR and the activity of the legislative bodies of the European Union, an understanding of the problem of the insufficient protection of the suspect's rights of defense has developed, and the greatest concern was the question of the suspect's right of access to counsel. The conduct of the so-called informal informative interviews by the police, which were prescribed by the Croatian CPA / 08, reflected the deterioration and inconsistency of the current legislation with the contemporary tendencies of the ECtHR judiciary, and these changes were much needed but also seeming. Adoption of Directive 2013/48 EU imposed a positive obligation on the Croatian legislature to amend the CPA / 08 in order to harmonize with the Directive and to elevate the rights proclaimed by it to a sufficient level. Nevertheless, a particular challenge to national legislators was posed by Art. 12. Directive 2013/48 EU defining the specific mechanism for the protection of the rights guaranteed by the Directive; the so-called effective legal remedy