Physical Exercise and Bone Health

Exercise was a planned and structured physical activity in which there was a movement repetition to maintain or enhance one or more components of physical fitness. The physical exercise on biological functions gave positive effects such as improving, but in certain circumstances, it could also give a negative effect such as inhibiting or disturbing the level of individual, system, cell, and molecular. Likewise the effect of physical exercise on bones, many factors affected bone both positively and negatively, among others; the dose of physical exercise which included frequency, intensity, type and time. The dosage of physical exercise was individual on each person. Some studies found that moderate intensity physical exercise provided positive benefits on bones. One of them was affecting the process of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast, which was one of bone cells that had a function to form bone matrix. Moderate intensity physical exercise combined with salmon calcitonin would increase mouse bone density. Moderate-speed walking exercise would cause changes in IL-6 serum levels which had a role in the process of stem cell differentiation into osteoprogenitor and directly affected adult osteoblasts, whereas changes in PTH serum levels in the sub-acute phase of exercise played a role in the positive uncoupling process of bone remodeling directly