Expansion breccias in Lower Cretaceous Apennine pelagic limestones: II. Geochemical constraints on their origin

The geochemical signatures of sparry calcite-sealing expansion breccias, calcite veins, and host clasts were analyzed for their strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen and carbon (δ18O, δ13C) stable isotopic signatures. The breccias occur within the Lower Cretaceous Maiolica Formation. Related but different breccias are found in a few places in the Upper Cretaceous to Eocene Scaglia Rossa Formation of the Umbria- Marche Apennines fold-and-thrust belt (Italy). We propose hydraulic fracturing by fluid overpressure as a possible mechanism for generation of the breccias in these formations. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis of a hydraulically frac- tured breccia formed by cyclic buildup and rapid decompression of CO2-rich fluids, with overpressures generated by entrapment of CO2 by structural and stratigraphic seals. Strontium and oxygen isotope ratio data suggest that the CO2-rich fluids may have originated from carbonate metasomatism of the mantle, resulting from subduc- tion of carbonate-rich lithologies constituting the downgoing slab. This is consistent with previous conceptual models inferring that in the central part of the Northern Apennines, which is characterized by thick continental crust, CO2-rich fluids derived from mantle metasomatism would become trapped in structural seals, creating high fluid overpressures