<Articles>The Gregorian Reform and the Secularization of the Monarchy-Conception in. England : From the Theocratic Monarchy to the Secular Monarchy

中世前期の国家理念では、俗人教育の低さから、いきおい聖職者への依存度がまし、聖俗の協力関係を強調する神政君主制理念が圧倒的であった。イギリスでは、ウィリアム一世がその代表であろう。しかし、グレゴリウス改革を契機にして、従来の国家理念に対する疑問が提出されるようになった。つまり、世俗君主権は神には由来せずとして、神政君主制理念を破壊してしまった。このような教皇庁からの挑戦に対し、ウィリアム二世、ヘンリー一世の時代には、従前のごとき神政君主制理念の再確認が力説されたが、この時代よりみられる北仏での俗人教育の開始、俗人役人の出現、ヘンリー二世の君主国の確立などをその歴史的背景として、国家観の世俗化、つまり、君主権は神に由来することを前提にしながらも、国家活動自体のなかに国家存続の基礎をみいだすアリストテレス的国家観への移行がみいだせる(例 財務府長官R・フィッニゲル、ジャスティシアR・グランヴィル、思想家ジョン・オヴ・ソールズベリー)。このようにして宗教的社会、つまり中世が、もっとも宗教的な事件グレゴリウス改革を契機にして世俗化していったことを跡づけたい。The conception of the monarchy in the early medieval ages was the theocratic monarchy or royal theocracy, based on the friendly relationships between kings and churches because of offering the latter's services to the royal administration on the one hand and of the illiteracy of lay society on the otner hand. In England Edward the Confessor's and Conqueror's regime were typical of this monarchy. But in the latter half of the eleventh century this theocratic kingship was attacked by the Gregorian Reform which insisted that the monarch was not derived from God, but from men who had been igororant of God. On the side of kings two kinds of expressions of the criticisms against this radical Gregorian attack may be considered. The first of the direct criticism against this attack was one by Anonymous of York, Hugh of Fleury and Ivo of Chartres, who took the reactionary position expatiating on the early medieval tradition of the theocratic kingship. The second criticism appeared in and after the investiture contest, namely in the reigns of Henry I and II, and was based on the secular bureaucratic attitude which knew no sanction beyond the king's will (Richard Fitz Nigel and Ranulf Glanvill) on the one hand and on the philosophical attitude which admitted the moral qualities of the state along with the traditional hierocratic theory (John of Salisbury) on the other hand. This secularizalion of monarchy-conception was, I think, forced by the secularization of the monarchy itself after the end of the Gregorian Reform