<Articles>k'ao－kuo 考課 and K'ao－ke 考格 by Shih－tung－siian－wu－ti 世宗宣武帝 in Pe－wei 北魏

北魏孝文帝は太和一八年に官吏の行政成績査定のための考課法を制定したが、これはそのご着実には行なわれなかった。その理由は中央集権体制に絶対的な強さがなかったからである。そのため考課の空白を埋める処置として次の世宗朝には、いろいろの考課規定 (考格) が作成された。作成時の年号によってそれぞれ景明・正始・延昌の格といわれる。また考課の対象は中央官と地方官、職事官と散官、流内官と流外官とによって差別があった。本稿は北魏世宗朝におけるこれら考課に関する諸問題を論じたものである。K'ao-wên-ti 孝文帝 of Pê-wei 北魏 established K'ao-kuo 考課 act (for the assessment of officials' administrative results) in the 18th year of T'ai-huo 太和, which made it a rule to assess once every three years, but it had not been enforced since then. To keep more complete enforce-ment, various regulations for assessment (K'ao-kê 考格) were enacted in the next Shih-tung 世宗 dynasty. After the name of the era on enactment they were called Kê 格 of Ching-ming 景明, Cheng-shih 正始 and Yen-ch'ang 延昌. The imperfect enforcement of assessment, with various political circumstances, depends upon the relation of the emperor's power to his officials'. The centralism, established by Kaowên-ti 孝文帝, without an absolute power, resulted in the imperfect assessment in the Shi-tung 世宗 dynasty. Therefore, in the case of the central officials with some exemption, the assessment should not be enforced from the beginning of Chingming (500-502) to the 1st year of Yen-ch'ang 延昌 (521), and also in Tz'ŭ-shih 刺史 from the 18th year of T'ai-huo 太和 (494) to the 2nd year of Ching-ming (501). After that time, the enforcement of assessment to the local governors to govern the Chinese people resulted in the case that the local governors were exempted from the uniform promotion Fan-chieh 汎階 in the 4th year of Cheng-shih 正始 (507); though it did not include Liu-wai-kuan 流外官, or petty officials, T'ung-k'ao 通考 in Yen-ch'ang--a plan for proper assessment by substantially revising the traditional assessment--included them. And the assessment discriminated Chih-shih-kuan 職事官, with a certain position from San-kuan 散官, without a certain position; the assessment to the former officials was enforced once every three years and that to the latter once every four years