Insights into the molecular phylogeny of Rhaphidophoridae, an ancient, worldwide lineage of Orthoptera

We investigated the molecular phylogenetic divergence and historical biogeography of cave crickets belonging to the family Rhaphidophoridae (Orthoptera, Ensifera). We used taxa representative of most of the regions embraced by the family, considering samples of Macropathinae from Gondwana land (i.e., Tasmania, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and South America); Aemodogryllinae and Rhaphidophorinae from Southern-eastern Asia (i.e., India, Bhutan, China, Philippines and the Sulawesi islands); Dolichopodainae and Troglophilinae from the Mediterranean region and Ceuthophilinae from North America. Based on previous papers, we carried out an analysis of both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences considering the ribosomal RNA units 12S, 16S, 18S, and 28S. To reconstruct phylogeny, we use cladistics, Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian analyses. All phylogenetic analyses showed the same highly supported topology generally congruent with the classical systematic arrangement at the level of each sub-family but strongly disagree with previous affinity hypotheses between sub-families based on morphological characters. Our results reveal a close affinity between Asiatic and Gondwanian taxa from one hand and between North American and Mediterranean ones from the other hand. Dating estimates indicated that Rhaphidophoridae originated in the Cretaceous period during the Mesozoic era with the ancestral area located both in the northern and southern hemisphere. A possible biogeographic scenario, reconstructed using S-DEC with RASP software, suggested that the current distribution of Rhaphidophoridae might be explained by a combination of both dispersal and vicariance events occurred especially in the ancestral populations. The radiation of Rhaphidophoridae started within the Pangaea, where the ancestor of Rhaphidophoridae occurred throughout an ancestral area including Australia, North America, and the Mediterranean region. The opening of the Atlantic Ocean promoted the divergence of North American and Mediterranean lineages while the differentiation of the southern lineages, spread from Australia, appears to be related to the fragmentation of Gondwana land