Uncertainty about color signal explains variation in color constancy

Color constancy is the ability to recognize the color of an object (or more generally of a surface) under different illuminations. Without color constancy, surface color as a perceptual attribute would not be meaningful in the visual environment, where illumination changes all the time. Nevertheless, it is not obvious how color constancy is possible in the light of metamer mismatching. Surfaces that produce exactly the same sensory color signal under one illumination (metamerism) may produce utterly different sensory signals under another illumination (metamer mismatching). Here we show that this phenomenon explains to a large extent the variation of color constancy across different colors. For this purpose, color constancy was measured for different colors in an asymmetric matching task with photorealistic images. Color constancy performance was strongly correlated to the size of metamer mismatch volumes, which describe the uncertainty of the sensory signal due to metamer mismatching for a given color. The higher the uncertainty of the sensory signal, the lower the observers' color constancy. At the same time, sensory singularities, color categories, and cone ratios did not affect color constancy. The present findings do not only provide considerable insight into the determinants of color constancy, they also show that metamer mismatch volumes must be taken into account when investigating color as a perceptual property of objects and surfaces