This thesis is devoted to the simulation of incompressible or low Mach turbulent flows, for nuclear safety applications. In particular, we focus on the development and analysis of performing numerical schemes for the Large Eddy Simulation technique. These schemes are based on fractional step methods of pressure correction type and on nonconforming low degree finite elements. Two requirements seems essential to build such schemes, namely a control of kinetic energy and the accuracy for convection dominated flows. Concerning the time marching algorithm, we propose a Crank-Nicolson like scheme for which we prove a kinetic energy control. This scheme has the advantage to be numerically low dissipative (numerical dissipation residual is second o...