Nowadays, understanding the formation of massive stars is one the main issues in astrophysics because of their important role in the evolution of the interstellar medium, and more particularly, for its chemistry. Although the existence of massive prestellar cores has not been confirmed so far, several candidates have been discovered recently thanks to the performance of new large radio interferometers.The subject of my thesis concerns the star-forming region W43-MM1, in which there are many massive dense cores at different evolutionary stages. In particular, I focused on the characterisation of the very last and best prestellar candidate, as well as the molecular content of the richest cores in the region. For this purpose, I used data with...