Ex vivo electric power generation in human blood using an enzymatic fuel cell in a vein replica

Here we report an enzymic fuel cell in a vein replica that generates sustained electricity, enough to power an e-​ink display, in an authentic human blood stream. We also detail a simple and safe approach for fuel cell evaluation under homeostatic conditions. Our results demonstrate proof-​of-​principle operation of a biocompatible and safe biodevice that could be implanted in superficial human veins, which we anticipate to be a starting point for more sophisticated investigations of personal sources of electricity