Performing subcutaneous injections : a literature review

Background: Persons using daily subcutaneous injections to administer medicine perform them indifferent ways and thereby increase the risk of skin complications related to the injection. It is often partof nurses’ role to administer medicine and educate the patient in injection technique. Course literaturein nursing education, commercial patient education pamphlets, and instructional leaflets do not giveconsistent advice regarding subcutaneous injection technique.Aim: The aim of this review was to identify the scientific foundation for the technical performanceof subcutaneous injections. The question to be answered was: How should a subcutaneous injection beadministered to achieve the right dose in the right place with minimum complications?Method: The review included a search in three databases, a screening process at abstract level, followedby a quality assessment of included articles. The quality assessment was done independently by two peopleand followed specific protocols.Result: A total of 38 articles were assessed for quality and covered information on dose, location, andcomplications of subcutaneous injection. The assessed studies are heterogeneous in design and describedifferent aspects of the subcutaneous injection technique. Therefore, the scientific foundation for technicalperformance is weak. However, several studies indicate that the amount of subcutaneous fat andappropriate needle length are of high importance for the drug to reach the target tissue.Conclusion: More research regarding effective subcutaneous injection technique needs to be done