Security in Interconnected Network Function Virtualisation Environments

Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) aims to change how network operators handle their network equipment. It also aims to change how end-users shop their network service. NFV is a paradigm shift of networking which consists of moving the physical network appliances from hardware to software. This enables providers to run these network devices in remote data centres. One example of this concept is that end-users do no longer need to have a stack of residential network equipment. They can simply move their network devices to the cloud. This concept of virtualizing network equipment has the potential to significantly reduce hardware cost, decrease the time-to-market, expand the lifetime of the network devices and save operational expenses. However, security remains a major concern for operators and end-users before they are willing to adopt the technology more widely. The border security arranged by physical network devices becomes more unclear for the end-users, and they can easily question who has access to their virtual network devices. The concept of virtualisation also enables the virtual network devices to be run at any service provider. Then, this also questions what provider who has access to what data. If all network traffic from the end-users are going through multiple services at multiple providers, then the end-user can question, who has access to what and who can access their data traffic? In fact, the end-users have very little control over this. However, it is obvious that the privacy of the end-users is important. They should be able to know what provider who can access their data traffic, who can access what and whether they share an NFV network service with someone else. They should also be able to know if their homes are protected from cyber-attacks. Correspondingly, the main objective of this research is to provide a mechanism which ensures the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the end-users’ NFV traffic. In particular, it aims to secure end-user communication when Internet Service Providers are sharing virtual network service platforms between each other. This includes protecting the integrity of the data traffic and achieving data traffic confidentiality, which currently is very limited in NFV environments. The first part of the research contains a study of the security implications of putting a virtual networking device into the cloud. This research aims to put a focus on the aforementioned research challenge and investigate what security mechanisms which can be used to achieve integrity and confidentiality. This research challenges the current standards and asks whom the end-user can trust in a multi-provider NFV environment. Further, this research results in a set of requirements which must be fulfilled in order to achieve the security objectives. These security concerns present a major obstacle for NFV adoption. Hence, the second part of the research presents an architecture of how to overcome these security challenges. The focus in these studies concerns how the access control can be achieved by low-level packet isolation and how it can be abstracted to network orchestration policies. The key elements in this research challenge are how to exchange keys and how to steer encrypted data packets. The last part of the research is related to the development of a framework which supports the confidentiality, integrity and the availability of the data traffic in NFV. Here, this research aimed to verify that the implementation of the architecture fulfils the requirements which were developed in the first part of this research. The final results show that these requirements are fulfilled. In the context of NFV adoption, this research contribution of access control and confidentiality can affect the perspective of security and trust in NFV networks for both end-users and operators. Correspondingly, it can also have an impact on NFV adoption in general