Greening the fleet: A technological innovation system (TIS) analysis of hydrogen, battery electric, liquefied biogas, and biodiesel in the maritime sector

The maritime shipping sector (MSS) is coming under increasing pressure to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For Norway, emission reductions in the MSS are furthermore crucial for meeting the national 40% emission reduction obligations in accordance with EU and the Paris agreements. Using a technological innovation systems (TIS) approach, this report analyses four low- and zero-carbon (LoZeC) energy solutions (biodiesel, liquefied biogas, hydrogen, battery electric (BE) storage) that can replace or supplement fossil fuels in the MSS. Based upon this analysis the report provides both general and technology-specific policy recommendations