3D Sequential Kinematics of the Femoro-Tibial Joint of Normal Knee from Multiple Bi-planar X-rays: Accuracy and Repeatability

Background: Several methods can be used to assess joint kinematics going from optoelectronic motion analysis to biplanar fluoroscopy. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the reliability of the use of biplane radiography to quantify the sequential 3D kinematics of the femoro-tibial joint. Methods: Bi-planar X-rays (EOS imaging) of 12 lower limbs (6 specimens in vitro and 6 subjects in vivo) were taken for various knee flexion angles. 3D personalized models of the femur and the tibia were registered on each pair ofviews. To quantify the bias, the kinematic parameters calculated from the registered models were compared to those obtained from the tripods embedded in the specimens. Intra and inter-operator repeatability of each parameter were assessed from the registrations made by 3 operators in vivo. Results: In vitro, the bias of the tibia pose estimation obtained from the registration method was inferior to 1.6 mm and 0.4◦. In vivo, the repeatability of the sequential kinematic parameters was inferior to 0.3◦, 2.1◦and 1.8◦, for respectively flexion, varus-valgus and medial-lateral rotation and inferior to 1.8 mm for translations. Conclusion: Compared to simple fluoroscopy, the accuracy of our method based on sequential images was of the same order of magnitude, with better results for the translation in the frontal plane. The low dose of radiation of the EOS system offers promising prospects for a clinical use of this method to assess the femoro-tibial sequential kinematics