This volume analyses party transformations with a particular focus on intraparty democracy processes and factors such as participation and mobilisation, taking into account both the image of the leadership and the fiduciary relationship between the party and its electorate. With this in mind, the disintegration of the parties as coherent organizations and the collapse of the membership seem to have accelerated the great flight of voters/sympathizers to the territories of anti-politics. Start on paper, then, destined to disappear or become something else. Modern parties, important and functional, but increasingly inconsistent realities. Parties that have filled real and imaginary places, to be systematically emptied after their short passage...