Drift in phase space: a new variational mechanism with optimal diffusion time

We consider nonisochronous, nearly integrable, a priori unstable Hamiltonian systems with a (trigonometric polynomial) O(μ)-perturbation which does not preserve the unperturbed tori. We prove the existence of Arnold diffusion with diffusion time T = O((1/μ) ln(1/μ)) by a variational method which does not require the existence of “transition chains of tori” provided by KAM theory. We also prove that our estimate of the diffusion time Td is optimal as a consequence of a general stability result derived from classical perturbation theory