Multimodal surgical treatment of high grade gliomas in the motor area: the impact of the combination of navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and fluorescein-guided resection

Fluorescein-guided surgery of high grade gliomas (HGGs) increases the extent of tumor resection but its efficacy has been questioned, especially for tumors located close to functional networks. In these cases, navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) may be used to plan and guide a safe resection. Aim of this study was to assess the impact of these techniques combined with intraoperative neurophysiological mapping (IONM) to achieve the maximal safe resection of tumors located in the motor area