Diagnostic and Treatment of Vomiting and Diarrhea in Dogs and Cats

Dijagnostika i liječenje povraćanja i proljeva u pasa i mačaka temelji se na anamnestičkim podacima i kliničkoj slici prema kojima se planira detaljni dijagnostički protokol. Povraćanje se definira kao refleks koji se razvio u svrhu zaštite od ingestije toksina, no može se pojaviti kao popratna pojava mnogih patoloških stanja. Ukoliko povraćanje traje deset ili više dana tada govorimo o kroničnom obliku. Najvažniji uzroci povraćanja su sistemske, metaboličke i endokrine etiologije, ali i posljedica brojnih upalnih, infekcijskih, neoplatičnih, opstrukcijskih i toksičnih poremećaja gastrointestinalnog sustava, pankreasa, jetre i žučovoda. Proljev se definira kao povećanje obujma i sadržaja odnosno učestalosti pražnjenja crijeva. Karakteriziran je patofiziološkim mehanizmom, anatomskom lokacijom (tanko ili debelo crijevo) i trajanjem (akutan ili kroničan). Proljev se smatra akutnim ukoliko traje manje od 14 dana. Najčešći uzroci proljeva su parazitarne invazije, upalna bolest crijeva, neoplazije, kronične bakteriološke ili virusne infekcije i nepovoljne reakcije na hranu. Postoje četiri glavna mehanizma koji uzrokuju proljev a to su osmotski proljev, sekrecijski proljev, proljev uzrokovan povećanom propusnošću sluznice i poremećajima motiliteta crijeva. Za postavljanje dijagnoze uzroka povraćanja i proljeva u pasa i mačaka neizostavne dijagnostičke metode su kompletna krvna slika, biokemijska pretraga krvi, parazitološka pretraga stolice, virusuloška i bakteriološka pretraga stolice, rendgenološka i ultrazvučna pretraga abdomena te endoskopska pretraga s uzimanjem biopsata. Terapija povraćanja i proljeva u pasa i mačaka provodi se ovisno o etiologiji uzroka nastanka. Početak svakog liječenja i konstanta je dijetalna prehrana, te najčešće korišteni lijekovi u terapiji povraćanja i proljeva su antiemetici, gastroprotektivi, antisekretorni lijekovi, antibiotici, kortikosteroidi i imunomodulatorni lijekovi.Diagnosis and treatment of vomiting and diarrhea in dogs and cats is based on anamnestic data and a clinical picture according to which a detailed diagnostic protocol is planned. Vomiting is defined as a reflex, developed for the purpose of protecting the macroorganism from ingested toxins, but it is also found as a simptom in many pathological conditions. If vomiting lasts for 10 or more days then we are talking about chronic vomiting. The main causes of vomiting are of the systemic, metabolic and endocrine nature, but vomiting can also be the rezault of many infectious, neoplastic, mechanical and toxic disorders in the gastroenteric tract, pancreas, liver and the bile duct. Diarrhea is defined as an increase in the volume and substence of the intestinal content and also in its discharge rate. It is further characterised by the nature of the pathophisiological mechanism behind it, its anatomical location (small intestine or the colon), and the duration ( acute and chronic). Diarrhea is considered acute if it lasts less than 14 days. The main causes of diarrhea are parasitic invasions, IBD, neoplasia, food intolerance, viral and chronic bacterial infections. There are four main mechanisms that cause diarrhea and they are called osmotic diarrhea, secretory diarrhea, increased mucosal permeability, deranged motility. In the process of coming up with the final and most precise diagnosis for the cause of vomiting and diarrhea in dongs and cats methods and procedures like the complete blood count, biochemistry panel, parasitological and virological tests of stool, abdominal X-rays, ultrasound and endoscopic procedures with tissue biopsies are essential. The therapy of vomiting and diarrhea in dogs and cats is carried out based on their etiology. The therapeutical protocol shold resolve around a light, dietary nutrition and the use of drugs like aniemetics, gastroprotectants, antisecretionl drugs, antibiotics, corticosteoids and imunnomodulatory drugs