Topic of the final paper is Navigation instruments and equipment. The paper generally discusses the mode of individual instruments and equipment aboard the ship, how this equipment works, their advantages and shortcomings and how a seafarer can use them. It also describes the impact that development of maritime industries has had on the equipment throught the history. Instruments and equipment have developed higher standards of safety and made navigation more comfortable and safer. In spite of the development of instruments and equipment, even today mariners are advised to rely more on their vision and to check the accuracy with the old, non electronic instruments. The reason for it is the fact that nowadays technology has became more compl...