The development of participatory practices in public institutions reflects both a tendency of citizens of 21st century democracies to nd the system of representative democracy unsatisfactory, and a tendency of elected representatives to seek legitimacy through hyper local politics. Institutionalizing participation limits it to the development of tools and procedures, or to pre-defined spaces or on pre-ordained projects. Institutionalized participation is therefore subject to two risks: being useless for participants or turning participants into puppets of the institution. How can an institution negate these risks and be a place in which or through which citizens can gain the power to act, in the democracy and on their democracy? This disse...