The nature and extent of local governance regarding water services management in South Africa (SA) have been transformed since the proclamation of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the National Water Act 36 of 1998 and the Local Government:Municipal Structures Act 117 of 1998. For the fi rst time, the place and role of a developmentally orientated local government sphere have been clearly identifi ed. Unfortunately, there are some serious challenges that the newly-merged municipalities must try to manage more effectively, effi ciently, economically, equally and environmentally sensitively than their predecessors did. Aspects that come to mind include the need to incorporate a more holistic and integrated management app...