El Niño–Southern Oscillation complexity

Axel Timmermann
An, Soon-Il
Kug, Jong-Seong
Fei-Fei Jin
Wenju Cai
Antonietta Capotondi
Kim Cobb
Matthieu Lengaigne
Michael J. McPhaden
Malte F. Stuecker
Karl Stein
Andrew T. Wittenberg
Kyung-Sook Yun
Tobias Bayr
Han-Ching Chen
Yoshimitsu Chikamoto
Boris Dewitte
Dietmar Dommenget
Pamela Grothe
Eric Guilyardi
Ham, Yoo-Geun
Michiya Hayashi
Sarah Ineson
Kang, Daehyun
Kim, Sunyong
Kim, WonMoo
June-Yi Lee
Tim Li
Jing-Jia Luo
Shayne McGregor
Yann Planton
Scott Power
Harun Rashid
Hong-Li Ren
Agus Santoso
Ken Takahashi
Alexander Todd
Guomin Wang
Guojian Wang
Ruihuang Xie
Yang, Woo-Hyun
Yeh, Sang-Wook
Yoon, Jinho
Elke Zeller
Xuebin Zhang

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Publication date

July 2018

Publisher

NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP

Journal

Nature

Abstract

El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and weakening of equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions are accompanied by changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, affecting global climate, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, fisheries and human activities. The alternation of warm El Niño and cold La Niña conditions, referred to as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), represents the strongest year-to-year fluctuation of the global climate system. Here we provide a synopsis of our current understanding of the spatio-temporal complexity of this important climate mode and its influence on the Earth system.© 2018 Springer Nature Limited. All rights reserved