Relationship between placental characteristics and puppies’ birth weight in toy and small sized dog breeds

Puppy neonatal mortality may be related to low birth weight, which has been shown in humans to be linked to placental factors. The relation between the newborn puppy and the placental characteristics has been poorly investigated in dogs. Twenty bitches, 9 toy-sized (i.e. < 5 Kg) and 11 small-sized (i.e. 5 to 10 Kg), were included in this study. During natural delivery or c-section, puppies were identified and their order of birth, sex and weight were recorded. Puppy weights were registered at birth and daily until Day 6. Placentas were weighed after removal of extraplacental adnexa, after which a photo was taken and morphometrically assessed. The Total Placental Area (TPA) and the Transfer Zone Area (TZA) were calculated and their surface expressed in mm2. Immunohistochemistry with monoclonal mouse anti CD31 antibody was used to identify fetal and maternal vessels in the placental labyrinth zone. A vascularization index (VI) was determined for each placenta and the Total Vascular Area (TVA) was estimated. Puppies' birth weight correlated positively with placental weight (P < 0.001, r = 0.689). A positive correlation was found between the puppies' birth weight and TPA (P < 0.001, r = 0.786), TZA (P < 0.001, r = 0.772), and TVA (P < 0.001, r = 0.482). A positive correlation was also found between placental weight and TPA (P < 0.001, r = 0.661), TZA (P < 0.001, r = 0.583), and TVA (P < 0.001, r = 0.333). In the small-sized breeds, the placentas of low-weight puppies were lighter and had a smaller TZA and TVA (P < 0.05). The VI was higher in the placentas of the toy-sized compared to small-sized bitches (P < 0.01). No effect of parity, litter size, or sex of the puppy was observed on birth weight or growth rates on Day 6. The growth pattern of low-weight puppies did not differ from that of the other puppies during the first 6 days of life. As in humans, placental weight, the extension of the transfer zone and placental total vascular area correlates closely with the puppies' birth weight in normal pregnancies. Our data could represent reference values for placental weight, TZA, TVA and VI in toy and small-sized dog breeds