An Evaluation of Existing Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems

008196432001Technical ReportPDFTech ReportDOT-809-297HS-809 297MonitoringSensorsWarning systemsTire pressureinflatVisual aidsWarning systemsHighwaysSafety and Human FactorsVehicles and EquipmentI85: Safety Devices used in Transport InfrastructureUnited StatesUnited States. National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationElsasser, DevinRanney, Thomas A.Grygier, Paul A.Garrott, W. RileyMazzae, Elizabeth N.Hoover, Richard L.MacIsaac, James D.United States. National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVehicle Research and Test Center (U.S.)US Transportation CollectionIn the TREAD Act of November 1, 2000, Congress required the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to develop a rule requiring all new light vehicles to be equipped with a warning system to indicate to the operator when a tire is significantly underinflated. In response to this requirement, NHTSA undertook an evaluation of existing OEM and aftermarket tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS). In this evaluation NHTSA determined the capabilities of existing technologies and the methods of warning the driver that were under consideration by system manufacturers. Based on this evaluation, NHTSA will determine the minimum system performance criteria that are technically feasible and provide the most useful information to the driver for preventing unsafe conditions. Through its testing, NHTSA found that systems that use sensors to directly measure tire pressure (pressure-sensor based systems) were better able to detect underinflation, had more consistent warning thresholds, and were quicker to provide underinflation warnings than the systems that infer tire pressure from monitoring wheel speeds (wheel-speed based systems). Training the systems presented at least some level of problem for both system types. Wheel-speed based systems were found to be easier to maintain since there are no battery life concerns and the fact that sensors are not exposed to tire mounting and roadway hazards. An examination of driver interfaces for existing TPMS showed significant variation in methods of visual warning presentation. Visual displays were frequently difficult to see or comprehend, or both. The variation in visual warning presentation demonstrated the need for standardization of the visual warnings of tire underinflation to avoid driver confusion. Icon comprehension testing, which examined the ability of two ISO icons and 13 alternative icons to communicate the message of low tire pressure, showed that the ISO icons performed worse than all of the other icons. Six of the alternative icons received 100% comprehension. One of the icons was identified as most likely to be successful as an indicator of significant underinflation.81