Seismic retrofitting manual for highway structures. Part 2, Retaining structures, slopes, tunnels, culverts, and roadways

4652121252004Final reportCooper, James; Yen, Wen-huei; O'Fallon, John D.PDFTech ReportFHWA-HRT-05-067DTFH61-92-C-00106Earthquake resistant designEarthquake engineeringRetrofittingStructural designHighway engineeringEmbankments and retaining wallsSlopesTunnelsCulvertsTurner-Fairbank Highway Research CenterPower, MauriceFishman, KennethRichards, RowlandMakdisi, FaizMusser, SamuelYoud, T. LeslieMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (U.S.)United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Infrastructure Research and DevelopmentNTL-HIGHWAY/ROAD TRANSPORTATION-DesignNTL-HIGHWAY/ROAD TRANSPORTATION-Bridges and StructuresFederal Highway AdministrationThis report is the second of a two-part publication entitled "Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures". Part 2 includes new procedures for determining the seismic vulnerability of other important highway system structures, namely, retaining structures, slopes, tunnels, culverts, and roadways. Guidance is provided on (a) screening for potential seismic vulnerabilities; (b) conducting a detailed evaluation; and (c) describing strategies for retrofit design. In addition, discussion is provided for classifying each structure by type, construction, or expected performance. This is needed since different types of a given structure (e.g., different types of retaining walls) may have different failure modes and will therefore require somewhat different approaches to seismic vulnerability screening, detailed evaluation, and retrofitting