The Relation between Outburst Rate and Orbital Period in Low-mass X-Ray Binary Transients

We have investigated the outburst properties of low-mass X-ray binary transients (LMXBTs) based on a comprehensive study of the outbursts observed in the past few decades. The outburst rates were estimated based on the X-ray monitoring data from Swift/BAT, RXTE/ASM, and MAXI and previous reports in the literature. We found that almost all LMXBTs with the orbital period below similar to 12 hr showed only one outburst in these observations. There are systematic differences in the outburst rate between long-period (P-orb greater than or similar to 12 hr) and short-period (P-orb less than or similar to 12 hr) systems. We infer that mass transfer rate is responsible for the systematic difference, since the disk instability model suggested that the mass transfer rate is a key factor affecting the quiescence time. The difference in outburst rate between long-period and short-period LMXBTs is probably due to the different mass transfer mechanism at different evolutionary stages of the donors. Based on the evolutionary tracks of single stars, we derived the critical orbital period for X-ray binaries that harbor a subgiant donor in various metallicities. The critical orbital period (P-orb,P-crit = 12.4 hr) is consistent with the above orbital period boundary obtained from the statistics of outburst rates. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between the outburst rate and the orbital period in the samples for which the luminosity class of the donor star is III/IV. The best-fitting power-law index for the black hole subsamples is roughly consistent with the theoretical prediction for those systems with a donor star evolved off the main sequence