Effect of traditional processing on the nutritional quality and in vivo biological value of samh (Mesembryanthemum forsskalei Hochst) flour

Roasting improved the determined protein and carbohydrate content of the flour compared to raw flour (p < 0.05). Baking enhanced the determined moisture and ash content of the flour compared to all treatments (p < 0.05). Similar amino acid content was found in both raw and treated flours with glutamic acid, glycine, arginine, and aspartic acid being predominant. Cooking reduced the total aromatic and nonessential amino acid content whereas roasting reduced the total essential amino acid content of samh flour. All treatments significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the antinutritional factors compared to untreated raw flour. Baking decreased the trypsin inhibitor activity by almost 98.7% whereas cooking reduced phytate and tannin content by 38.5% and 10.8, respectively. Roasting and baking significantly (p < 0.05) improved the in vitro protein digestibility of the flour. In vivo, the true faecal nitrogen digestibility of rats was significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced by all treatments. Baking and cooking increased (p < 0.05) the net protein utilization and biological value of the flour. Overall, the treatments improved the nutritional quality of samh flour