Mutual-exclusion statistics in exactly solvable models in one and higher dimensions at low temperatures

Journal ArticleWe study statistical characterization of the many-body states in exactly solvable models with internal degrees of freedom. The models under consideration include the isotropic and anisotropic Heisenberg spin chains, the Hubbard chain, and a model in higher dimensions which exhibits the Mott metal-insulator transition. It is shown that the ground states of these systems are all described by that of a generalized ideal gas of particles (called exclusons) which have mutual-exclusion statistics, either between different rapidities or between different species. For the Bethe ansatz solvable models, the low-temperature properties are well described by the excluson description if the degeneracies due to string solutions with complex rapidities are taken into account correctly. For the Hubbard chain with strong but finite coupling, charge-spin separation is shown for thermodynamics at low temperatures. Moreover, we present an exactly solvable model in arbitrary dimensions which, in addition to giving a perspective view of spin-charge separation, constitutes an explicit example of mutual-exclusion statistics in more than two dimensions